What is the Immune System?

The immune system is a complex network of defense mechanisms that protects us from microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It operates on two main levels: innate (nonspecific) immunity and acquired (specific) immunity.

Innate Immunity

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense. It includes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as functional mechanisms (such as coughing, sneezing, and elevated body temperature) designed to expel pathogens. It involves cells like macrophages and neutrophils that quickly respond to threats.

Acquired Immunity

Acquired immunity develops in response to exposure to pathogens. It is more specific and involves the creation of "immune memory," allowing for quicker and more effective responses upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen. It includes B and T lymphocytes that recognize and eliminate harmful microorganisms.

What Immunity Tests Are Available?

To evaluate the state of the immune system, various tests can help understand its functioning. Key tests include:

Complete Blood Count (CBC): A basic blood test assessing the number and types of blood cells, including white blood cells (leukocytes).
Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA): Low levels may indicate immune deficiencies. This test evaluates the body’s ability to produce antibodies.
Complement System: Measurement of complement proteins (C3, C4) is important for diagnosing autoimmune diseases and assessing immune function.
CRP Test: A marker of inflammation. Elevated levels may indicate infections or autoimmune diseases affecting the immune system.
Immunogram: Assesses the functions of various immune cells, including T and B lymphocytes, to determine how well the body responds to pathogens.
Allergy Tests: Identify allergies that may impact overall immune health.
Cytokine Testing: Measures proteins involved in regulating immune responses, providing insights into inflammatory states in the body.

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When Should You Get Immunity Tests?

It’s advisable to undergo immunity testing in the following situations:

If an individual, whether adult or child, experiences recurrent infections like colds, flu, or other viral and bacterial illnesses requiring prolonged treatment.
Individuals with a family history of autoimmune diseases or primary immunodeficiencies should consider testing to assess the risk of similar issues.
Before starting treatments that may weaken the immune system, such as chemotherapy, to better prepare for treatment.
After vaccinations, especially for at-risk groups, to ensure the body has developed an adequate immune response.

Signs of Immune Deficiency

Immune deficiencies may manifest in various ways. Common signs include:

Recurrent upper respiratory infections, bronchitis, ear infections, or sinusitis.
Difficulties in wound healing.
Persistent chronic fatigue not relieved by rest.
Frequent diarrhea, abdominal pain, or other digestive issues.
Severe allergic reactions.

Interpreting Results

To interpret test results, it is important to consult with a family doctor or immunologist who can help understand the implications of different values and recommend necessary actions. Medistore also offers consultations with experts in immunology.

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